Melt the butter and semi sweet chocolate together in a large microwave safe bowl in 30 second bursts, stirring between each, until smooth.
While the mixture is still hot, whisk in the cocoa powder and espresso powder so they bloom in the warm fat.
Whisk in the granulated sugar and brown sugar, then let the mixture sit until it feels warm rather than hot.
Whisk in the eggs and egg yolk until the batter turns glossy, then whisk in the vanilla and sourdough starter.
Fold in the flour and salt until no dry streaks remain. If you are adding chocolate chips, fold them in now.
Cover the bowl and refrigerate for 12 to 18 hours. However, if you don't want to long ferment them, just let them chill for two hours before using the dough.
When you are ready to bake, preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C) and line a 9x9 inch metal pan with a parchment sling, using binder clips to hold the parchment against the sides.
Stir the granulated sugar and black cocoa powder for the coating together in a small bowl.
Weigh the cold batter straight from the fridge and divide that number by 16 to get the weight of each piece, which should land around 60 to 63 grams without chocolate chips.
Scoop each portion, roll it into a ball between your palms, then roll it through the coating until it is covered on all sides, pressing gently so the coating sticks.
Place on a tray or plate and place in the freezer for 15-20 minutes.
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F.
Remove the coated balls from the freezer and place in the pan in 4 rows of 4, evenly spaced. They will spread as they bake and meet in the middle.
Bake for 28 to 33 minutes, until the edges are set and the centers no longer look wet. The shorter time gives you extra fudgy brownies and the longer time gives you a more set center.
Sprinkle flaky sea salt over the tops while the brownies are still warm, if using.
Cool completely in the pan at room temperature, about 2 hours, then lift the brownies out by the parchment and pull them apart.